On Monday night, after 6-year-old Mackenzie Guy lost her third tooth, she left a letter for the tooth fairy with a special request.

She would appreciate it if the fairy could leave behind her tooth so she could save it in her baby book, but she would still like the cash, her mother, Amber, said.

When Mackenzie awoke in her grandparents’ motor home Tuesday morning, she was delighted to see the tooth was left behind, along with $3 — two more than she gets from the tooth fairy at home.

Her delight faded Thursday morning when she learned thieves stole her tooth fairy booty.

When her mom went out to the family’s Ford Excursion to bring Mackenzie’s twin brother, Logan, to his school, she discovered someone had broken into the SUV. Gone were a GPS, costume jewelry and Mackenzie’s dental dough.

Guy said she was supposed to deposit the $3 in her daughter’s savings account Wednesday, but they never made it to the bank.

“Mackenzie is saving her money because she wants to buy a computer,” her mother said.

The money — four quarters and two dollar bills — was taped to a letter written by the tooth fairy to Mackenzie.

“Dear Mackenzie, You have one of the best teeth that I saw tonight. You have an A-plus tooth. Here’s the tooth back and the money,” Guy recalled it saying.

Mackenzie planned on keeping the letter for her special book, too, her mother said.

The tooth, sealed in a baggie, had been attached to the 8-by-11 sheet of paper. When the thieves rummaged through the SUV, they took the letter and money but left the bag with Mackenzie’s pearly white.

“She’s happy that at least she has the tooth,” Guy said.

When Mom broke the news to her daughter, she was taken aback by her reaction.

“It is OK,” the Oakstead Elementary first-grader told her. “It’s only $3.”

“My heart sunk and broke at the same time,” Guy said.

Guy said when the family returned to their home in the Oakstead subdivision Wednesday night the children were asleep, so she got them inside and forgot to lock her passenger-side door.

“It’s Mom’s fault,” she said.

She said she also had a “false sense of security” in the gated community but has learned a valuable lesson, as has Mackenzie.

“It’s a new low for criminals,” Guy said. “I would’ve given the guy the $3 if he had knocked on my door. I would’ve given it to him. Unfortunately, criminals aren’t that nice.”

Mackenzie plans on writing a new letter to the tooth fairy in hopes of getting another $3 toward her mini-laptop computer.

She might soon get even more cash toward the computer. The tooth directly next to her new empty space in her mouth is loose, her mother said.

“The tooth fairy is going to be busy with trips to our house,” Guy said.

Reporter Lisa A. Davis can be reached at (727) 815-1083.

Credit: Tampa Tribune, Fla.

On Monday night, after 6-year-old Mackenzie Guy lost her third tooth, she left a letter for the Tooth Fairy with a special request.

She would appreciate it if the fairy could leave behind her tooth so she could save it in her baby book, her mother Amber Guy said, but she would still like the cash.

When Mackenzie awoke in her grandparents’ motor home Tuesday morning, she was delighted to not only see the tooth was left behind but so was $3 — two dollars more than she gets from the Tooth Fairy at home.

Her delight faded Thursday morning when she learned thieves stole her Tooth Fairy booty.

When her Mom went out to the family’s Ford Excursion to bring Mackenzie’s twin brother, Logan to his school, she discovered someone had broken into the SUV. Gone were a GPS, costume jewelry and Mackenzie’s dental dough.

Guy said she was supposed to deposit the $3 into her daughter’s savings account Wednesday but they never made it to the bank.

“Mackenzie is saving her money because she wants to buy a computer,” her mother explained.

The money — four quarters and two dollar bills — was taped to a letter written by the Tooth Fairy to Mackenzie.

“Dear Mackenzie, You have one of the best teeth that I saw tonight. You have an A-plus tooth. Here’s the tooth back and the money,” Guy recalled it saying.

Mackenzie planned on keeping the letter for her special book, too, her mother said.

The tooth sealed in a baggie had been attached to the 8-by-11 sheet of paper. When the thieves rummaged through the SUV, they took the letter and money but left the bag with Mackenzie’s pearly white.

“She’s happy that at least she has the tooth,” Guy said.

When Mom broke the news to her daughter, she was taken aback by her reaction.

“It is OK,” the Oakstead Elementary first-grader told her. “It’s only $3.”

“My heart sunk and broke at the same time,” Guy said.

Guy said when the family returned to their home in the Oakstead subdivision Wednesday night the children were asleep so she got them inside and forgot to lock her passenger-side door.

“It’s Mom’s fault,” she said.

She said she also had a “false sense of security” in the gated community but has learned a valuable lesson, as has Mackenzie.

“It’s a new low for criminals,” Guy said. “…I would’ve given the guy the $3 if he had knocked on my door. I would’ve given it to him. Unfortunately, criminals aren’t that nice.”

Mackenzie plans on writing a new letter to the Tooth Fairy in hopes of getting another $3 toward her mini laptop computer.

She might soon get even more cash toward the computer. The tooth directly next to her new empty space in her mouth is very loose, her mother said.

“The Tooth Fairy is going to be busy with trips to our house,” Guy said.

Reporter Lisa A. Davis can be reached at (727) 815-1083.

Credit: Tampa Tribune, Fla.

This was an Australian case-control study. CASE-CONTROL SELECTION: Cases were recruited from children referred for dental treatment under general anaesthesia at free public hospitals in eight health service districts in the state of Queensland, Australia [early childhood caries (ECC) public cases], and three private specialist paediatric dental clinics (ECC private cases). Controls were selected from a full list of all childcare facilities in the area using a selection ratio of one in seven children. As dental health status of the children was unknown prior to recruitment, a subgroup of 62 children with ECC was recruited in the control cohort (ECC childcare) and formed the third source of ECC cases. ASCERTAINMENT: The teeth of children in dental clinics or childcare facilities were examined using lighting from an examiner’s head-lamp, with the child placed on the laps of the mother and examiner. A child was considered to have ECC if at least one cavity was present. Caries was charted using the World Health Organization oral health survey basic methods criteria(1) and enamel hypoplasia using the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel index. Presence of Streptococcus mutans was also assessed. Mothers were interviewed and screened to determine their social, medical and dental histories; dental caries experience; absence or presence of plaque and gingival inflammation; and presence of S. mutans. Validated questionnaires were used to obtain social, medical, dental, dietary and toothbrushing histories of the mothers. DATA ANALYSIS: Group comparisons of continuous variables (such as age and birthweight) were compared for statistical significance using analysis of variance. Categorical variables were compared for statistical difference across groups using contingency chi2 tests together with multinomial logistic regression modelling. RESULTS: A large proportion of children tested positive for S. mutans if their mothers also tested positive. A common risk indicator found in ECC children from childcare facilities and public hospitals was visible plaque [odds ratio (OR), 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-15.9; and OR, 8.7; 95% CI, 2.3-32.9, respectively). Compared with ECC-free controls, the risk indicators specific to childcare cases were enamel hypoplasia (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.0-18.3), difficulty in cleaning the child’s teeth (OR 6.6; 95% CI, 2.2-19.8), presence of S. mutans (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 0.7-32.6), sweetened drinks (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.2-13.6) and maternal anxiety (OR, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.1-25.0). Risk indicators specific to public hospital cases were presence of S. mutans in the child (OR, 7.7; 95% CI, 1.3-44.6) or mother (OR, 8.1; 95% CI, 0.9-72.4), ethnicity (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.4-22.1), and access of mother to pension or healthcare card (OR, 20.5; 95% CI, 3.5-119.9). By contrast, a history of chronic ear infections was found to be protective for ECC in childcare children (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.09-0.82). CONCLUSIONS: This case-control study showed that children of different socioeconomic backgrounds who have ECC share the common risk indicators of visible plaque, consumption of sugary snacks and presence of S. mutans. Additional risk indicators in children from childcare facilities were enamel hypoplasia, difficulty in cleaning the child’s teeth, sweetened drinks and maternal anxiety, whereas ethnicity and mothers’ access to pension or healthcare cards were specific

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During the last century tremendous advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of complex developmental and acquired defects of the face and mouth. Advances in imaging, surgery, bone grafting, implant design and restorative techniques have created a unique and exciting opportunity to use digital imaging and computer aided design techniques to improve the quality of care and reduce costs. A historical review of diagnostic and treatment techniques will help illustrate the potential of the digital design process.
Jaw motion It wasn’t until the 1930’s that a scientific understanding of the actual motion of the jaw was understood. 1 This is one of the most complex joints in the body. The teeth and bone of the jaw are rigidly connected to two temporomandibular joints on each side of the skull. The jaw can make many different movements that include rotation as well as

translocation (gliding) as the articulating surface of the two jaw joints move. The shape of each tempromandibular joint is unique and each joint affects the form and position of teeth. Instruments were developed to locate a reproduceable axis of rotation from the patient and to mount dental models in a mechanical instrument called an articulator with the same axis of opening and closing as the patient. Other gliding border movements of

the jaw were recorded with an instrument called a recorder (Figure 1.). Generally, six reference plates are used to record the paths of movement of a stylus or pen against each plate. The recorder can then be removed from the patient and attached to the articulator and adjusted to follow the complex paths traced on the reference plates (Figure 2.). This system is still used today even though it was developed over 70 years ago.
Orthodontic analysis Orthodontic diagnosis evaluates the size and position of teeth in relation to the supporting jaws and soft tissues. Early work by Dr. Paul Simon 2 at the University of Berlin in the 1920’s used a complex system that allowed for the evaluation of teeth in relation to an anatomic reference plane called Frankfort Horizontal. Precise measurements of the position of specific teeth could be recorded using a device called a diameter (Figure 3.). In essence this was a Cartesian coordinate system that used Frankfort Horizontal and the anatomic midline of the palate for reference. Unfortunately, all the data points had to be recorded manually. A unique aspect of this system was that an undistorted full size

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The long-established scenario of teeth evolving from dermal denticles in direct association with the evolutionary origin of jaws, is based on the observation that shark (chondrichthyan) dermal denticles and oral denticles are homologous and contiguous with teeth. This theory, however, no longer accounts for the diversity of new data emerging from the fossil record. Certain denticle-covered fossil agnathan ®shes (thelodonts) are now known to have well-developed oropharyngeal denticles. Moreover, the conodonts, a large and geologically extensive fossil group with a naked body but phosphatic mineralized feeding apparatus, are now thought to belong within the vertebrate clade. This projects the evolutionary origin of teeth, or at least a specialized suite of oral denticles, back to a point some 50 million years earlier than previously thought. These data suggest that `teeth’, in a broad sense of the term, may precede jaw evolution, and possibly precede the evolution of dermal armour in some primitive vertebrates. Alternatively, other new evidence shows that toothless armoured ®sh probably existed contemporaneously with conodonts. These include taxa with either dentine plus acellular bone-like basal tissue (Anatolepis, M. P. Smith et al., 1996), or acellular skeletal tissue, but no dentine (Young et al., 1996). Such discoveries challenge previously held views on the relative primitiveness of different tissues, and predict important stages in the evolution of signalling molecules for regulatory mechanisms during craniate mineralized skeletogenesis. Furthermore, the precise geological dates associated with these data, when placed in the context of recent phylogenies of early vertebrates, require hypotheses of signi®cant `ghost lineages’ (Norell, 1992: i.e. those lineages that are implied by emergent gaps in phyloge- netic trees plotted against a time axis) in order to account for a diversity of vertebrate types emergent
before the Cambrian±Ordovician boundary (see Figure 10.3). The whole concept of teeth linked to jaws as an integrated functional unit, constant throughout evolution and development, needs to be reassessed.
The theory that teeth only evolved with the imperative of biting jaws, states that marginal oral skin denticles became enlarged to function as teeth once the ®rst branchial arches became modi®ed to close tightly with a dorsoventral opposing action. Such enlarged marginal denticles were specialized to form in `advance of need’ from a subepithelial dental lamina, instead of `on demand’ as space became available in the skin. Furthermore, these denticles were endowed uniquely with morphological and pattern information, speci®c for the precise functioning of the dentition. This information could concern spatial morphological variation (heterodonty as in the Port Jackson shark: see Figure 10.4C), tooth location in particular regions of the oral cavity, and timing of formation linked to shedding of functional teeth and eruption. Control of tooth size is very precise, with dimensional increases for new teeth in an exact gradation relative to body size and morphological change (see section 10.6). The survival value of an ef®cient dentition throughout an animal’s life history is extremely high, and likely to be selected for and conserved in evolution, with similarly conserved essential developmental controls and regulatory mechanisms.
One of the key innovations at the origin of craniates was the developmental potential of a fourth germ layer, neural crest-derived mesenchyme, to make skeletal tissues in the head, in particular teeth (Gans and Northcutt, 1983). This population of cells, in migrating ventrally from a dorsal position in the neural ectoderm to